I was a resident of CA for part of 2023. None of 2024. Employer paid out a bonus in 2024 for work in 2023 and sent me a CA W-2. Do I say that I earned the income in CA?

No, you won't say that you earned that income in CA because you weren't paid the bonus until 2024 and you weren't a resident of CA in 2024. 

For TurboTax Online, review your entries on the Personal profile screen to make sure that you selected that you made money in another state.

 TurboTax will create a nonresident tax return for the state that you work in and a resident tax return for the state that you live in.

After you complete your federal tax return and you move to the State Taxes section, both your nonresident and resident state returns will be listed.  Prepare your nonresident  CA tax return first. If your employer withheld state taxes for CA, you should get a credit on your resident tax return for the taxes that you paid to the other state.

Review the TurboTax article Multiple States - Figuring What's Owed When You Live and Work in More Than One State for additional information.

For additional information, refer to the TurboTax Help articles Do I have to file tax returns in more than one state?,  Why would I have to file a nonresident state return? and How do I file a nonresident state return?